CATEGORY 82 AUSTRALASIAN DENTIST CLINICAL 1. Introduction Proteomic science aids in di erent areas of biomedical and clinical sciences with tools such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), and surface-enhanced laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry (SELDI-MS)1. is science provides an understanding of healthy and diseased states of the human body through protein nature. Protein builds the human body and is known as the “working horses” of a cell. e ‘proteome’ is the cell’s proteins content. In short, proteomics is the discovery technology that rescues the understanding of the molecular behaviour of protein activity and how they respond to the process of a disease. Human body uids such as blood, cerebrospinal uid (CSF), saliva, gingival crevicular uid (GCF), sera, urine, vaginal secretion, breast milk, sputum, peritoneal uid, pleural uid, and pericardial uids are approved clinical samples for the diagnosis and maintenance of a disease state2. Human gingival crevicular uid (GCF) was discovered in the nineteenth century, and its composition and oral defense mechanism were demonstrated by Brill and Björn in 19593. GCF is a physiological uid that is classi ed as in ammatory exudate by many investigators, and some suggest it is an altered tissue transudate in a normal healthy state (see Figure 1). Originally, they originate from the gingival plexus of blood vessels in the gingival corium and are subjacent to the epithelium lining of the dental–gingival space. Its composition and ow were demonstrated by Waerhaug in 19524,5. Later, in 1974, Alfano presented two mechanisms based on GCF origination that include the engendering of standing osmotic gradient and the induction of classical in ammation6. GCF is used to detect periodontal diseases such as gingivitis, periodontitis (chronic and aggressive), and drug presence in periodontal pockets through the systematic pathway and is currently extensively used for proteomic analysis7. GCF basically contains local breakdown products such as tissues, in ammatory mediators, host in ammatory mediators, serum transudate (found in gingival sulcus), subgingival microbial plaque, extracellular proteins, and cells8. In Figure 2, detail of GCF composition is illustrated. is composition varies between periodontium in healthy and diseased conditions9. e amount of GCF production is quite small and varies according to the size of the gingival sulcus. Few investigators have measured GCF, and all observations have di ered due to the variation in the GCF samples collected. One group reported that the mean GCF volume ranged from 0.43 to 1.56 μL in the proximal spaces from the molar teeth10. Another group collected GCF from sulcus of slightly in amed gingiva and reported approximately 0.1 mg in 3 min11, which is the amount of GCF a ected by mechanical factors, habitats (tobacco, smoke, and shisha), circadian periodicity, sex hormones, and periodontal surgeries (see Table 1). Engelberg et al. experimented on dogs by inducing a carbon gelatine mixture into the blood stream to understand the organization of vessels at the dento–gingival junction. Hence, it was histologically postulated that, in healthy tissue, these particles could not enter the intracellular spaces and remained in the Human Gingival Crevicular Fluids (GCF) Proteomics: An Overview By Zohaib Khurshid1,*, Maria Mali2, Mustafa Naseem3, Shariq Najeeb4 and Muhammad Sohail Zafar5,6 1 Prosthodontics and Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia 2 Department of Orthodontics, Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Karachi 78650, Pakistan; drmariahmali@gmail.com 3 Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar-Al-Uloom University, Riyadh 13314, Saudi Arabia; m.naseem@dau.edu.sa 4 Department of Dentistry, Riyadh Consultative Clinics, Riyadh 11313, Saudi Arabia; shariqnajeeb@gmail.com 5 Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Al-Taibah University, Medina Munawwarah 41311, Saudi Arabia; MzAFAR@taibahu.edu.sa 6 Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan * Correspondence: drzohaibkhurshid@gmail.com; Tel.: +966-550-293-747 Figure 1. The anatomical location of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in a healthy subject. Figure 2. Illustration describing the composition of gingival crevicular fluids (GCFs). Abstract: Like other uids of the human body, a gingival crevicular uid (GCF) contains proteins, a diverse population of cells, desquamated epithelial cells, and bacteria from adjacent plaque. Proteomic tools have revolutionized the characterization of proteins and peptides and the detection of early disease changes in the human body. Gingival crevicular uids (GCFs) are a very speci c oral cavity uid that represents periodontal health. Due to their non-invasive sampling, they have attracted proteome research and are used as diagnostic uids for periodontal diseases and drug analysis. e aim of this review is to explore the proteomic science of gingival crevicular uids (GCFs), their physiology, and their role in disease detection. Keywords: proteomics; proteins; biomarkers; gingival crevicular uids (GCFs); dentistry
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